Systems and methods for multi-factor remote user authentication

ABSTRACT

A multi-factor remote user authentication card-device has innovative features that enable this one card-device itself to function and accomplish a multi-factor remote user authentication of “what you know”, “what you have”, “where you are” and “what you are”, to a network. In one embodiments of the card-device, one card-device enables two-factor authentication of “what you have” and “what you are”. In another embodiment, one card-device enables two-factor authentication of “what you know” and “what you have”. In yet another embodiment, one card-device enables three-factor authentication of “what you know”, “what you have”, and “what you are”. In yet another embodiment, one card-device enables four-factor authentication of “what you know”, “what you have”, “where you are”, and “what you are”. The authentication logic dynamically facilitates the use of multi-factor authentication so that it dynamically adjusts what factors are applicable for specific security application enabling a universal remote authentication device.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority on Provisional Application Ser. No.60/717,613, entitled “Method And Apparatus For Multi-Factor Remote UserAuthentication” filed on Sep. 16, 2005, by Tara Chand Singhal. Thecontents of the Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/717,613 areincorporated herein by reference.

This application also claims priority on Provisional Application Ser.No. 60/729,043, entitled “Method And Apparatus For Multi-Factor RemoteUser Authentication” filed on Oct. 21, 2005, by Tara Chand Singhal. Thecontents of the Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/729,043 areincorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to a card-device that is able todynamically perform multiple factors of remote user authentication intoa network with one card-device alone and an authentication system thatsupports such a card-device.

BACKGROUND

In Information security, the authentication of a remote user to anauthentication system is judged by factors of, “what you know”, “whatyou have” and “what you are”. The “what you know” factor refers to a PINor a password that a person knows. The “what you have” factor refers toa security card or token in the personal possession of a person and“what you are” factor refers to a biometrics measurement of a personsuch as a fingerprint or retina print.

According to the information security industry guidelines, using onlyone of these factors of authentication is considered a weak form ofauthentication and using any two factors is considered a strong form ofauthentication.

The most common form of two-factor authentication uses a password and asecurity token. Many companies make security cards or tokens, such asRSA Data Security and others in different form factors. The use of abiometric factor of “what you are” requires a separate biometric sensorand for reasons related to cost and logistics is rarely used.

The implementation of these three factors of remote user authenticationburdens the remote user and the authentication system as these factorsare complicated to use for the remote user and costly to use and deployfor the authentication system. In light of the above, it is an objectiveof the present invention to have better apparatus and methods thatenable use of multi-factor remote user authentication.

SUMMARY

This invention discloses a multi-factor remote user authenticationcard-device in the form factor of a prior art one-factor of “what youhave” security card. The multi-factor card-device has innovativefeatures that enable this one card-device itself to function andaccomplish a multi-factor remote user authentication of “what you know”,“what you have” and “what you are”, to a network. In addition, anoptional fourth factor of authentication of “where you are” isdisclosed.

This invention discloses different embodiments where one card-device ofthis invention may function as a two-factor authentication device, athree-factor authentication device or a four-factor authenticationdevice.

A fourth factor of authentication of “where you are” is disclosed thatuses GPS location data via GPS sensor chip within the card-device toprovide this factor of authentication such that if the card-device isauthorized to be used from certain locations and it can only be usedfrom those locations and not from any other location because the earthcoordinates of these locations are pre-stored in the authenticationdatabase.

An assurance factor of authentication that uses the features of a radioclock embedded in the device is also disclosed so that the time of theuse of the device can be tightly controlled. Other assurance factor thatwork in conjunction with an authentication system, such as time windowand calendar window are also disclosed.

This invention, it is believed, by the use of the card-device providesbetter remote user authentication and information security at a reducedcost and with better logistics.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The novel features of this invention, as well as the invention itself,both as to its structure and its operation, will be best understood fromthe accompanying drawings, taken in conjunction with the accompanyingdescription, in which similar reference characters refer to similarparts. The drawings are:

FIG. 1A is a perspective diagram that illustrates a version of thecurrent invention of a two-factor authentication card-device.

FIG. 1B is a perspective diagram that illustrates a version of thecurrent invention of a different two-factor authentication card-device.

FIG. 1C is a perspective diagram that illustrates a version of thecurrent invention of a three -factor authentication card-device.

FIG. 1D is a perspective diagram that illustrates a version of thecurrent invention of a four-factor authentication card-device.

FIG. 2A is plan and side views that illustrate a version of the currentinvention of a two-factor authentication card-device.

FIG. 2B is plan and side views that illustrate a version of the currentinvention of a different two-factor authentication card-device.

FIG. 2C is plan and side views that illustrate a version of the currentinvention of a three-factor authentication card-device.

FIG. 2D is plan and side views that illustrate a version of the currentinvention of a four-factor authentication card-device.

FIG. 3A is a version of the flow diagram of current invention of amulti-factor authentication card-device.

FIG. 3B is a version of the flow diagram of current invention of a useof a encryption key created in the card-device from what you know factorof authentication.

FIG. 4A is a block diagram of current invention that shows theapplication and use of the card-device in an authentication system.

FIG. 4B is a flow diagram of current invention that shows theapplication and use of the card-device for remote user authenticationwith the authentication system.

FIG. 4C is a block diagram of current invention that shows theapplication and use of the card-device as a dynamic multi-factor remoteuser authentication device.

FIG. 4D is a flow diagram of the authentication system.

FIG. 5 shows applications and benefits of wireless interface of thecard-device of the current invention to a network such as financial orfacility access.

FIG. 6 shows the application of the device as a universal authenticationdevice for networks such as financial ATM, business computer network,facility access, and other networks.

DESCRIPTION

Introduction

In the science of remote user authentication, there are three differentways or “factors” by which a remote user to a system such as on anInternet or computer network may be authenticated. One of these threefactors is, “what you know”, which could be a personal identificationnumber, an alphanumeric password or a word such as mother's maiden name.Another of these factors is “what you have”, which could be a smart cardor a security token in the personal possession of a user, that is givento the user by the business which owns or manages the network. Companiessuch as RSA Data security and ActivCard, to name a few, make such cards.These cards may be and usually are hardware and software devicesembedded with logic and codes that are personalized for the remote user.Such cards may have an interface by which they are read by an interfacedevice to the computer network, or they may generate a code, which isthen used by the user to enter in a device or screen as part of “whatyou have” factor. Or they may be static cards such as an ATM card with amagnetic strip. The third factor is “what you are”, which is a biometricmeasure of the user such as fingerprint, retina print, and handprint.

Due to the security issues associated with each of these factors, theinformation security industry considers the use of any one of thesefactors as a one-factor authentication or as a weak form of remote userauthentication and considers the use of any two factors as a two-factorauthentication or a strong form of remote user authentication.

For many secure systems, use of a two-factor authentication is required,and for highly secure systems used in national defense, use ofthree-factors may be considered necessary.

Since there are three different factors, three separate, time consumingand overt acts are required of the remote user. For the, “what you know”factor, a login screen is presented to the user requiring the user toenter a user id and a password. For “what you have” factor, a physicalcard or security token is required and needs to be inserted into a cardreader. In some versions of the physical card a randomly changing numberthat is synchronized with time is read from the card and then manuallycopied into the login screen. The card also has a serial number, whichis also manually entered into the login screen. For a third factor,biometric, “what you are”, a separate biometric sensor is needed wherethe user is required to place a body part to measure it. The logic inthe network device then collects these three separate factors andcommunicates with an authentication server, which verifies that thesethree remote user authentication credentials do indeed belong to theremote user to satisfy the three-factor authentication requirement.

In addition to the separate physical and overt acts required of theremote user, as described above, there are a number of security issuesassociated with how these factors are used. These issues are that: (i)for the “what you know” factor of a password, it is always keyed in withthe help of a keyboard or similar interface into the network device,such as, a laptop computer, from where it is subject to theft by loggingthe keystrokes or other means of deception, and (ii) the password, userid and card serial number are entered into the memory of the networkdevice and may be compromised with clever hacking such as hiddenmalicious code. There are many other security as well as logisticsissues related to the use of these factors of authentication that havebeen covered extensively in the news media.

The current invention eliminates these problems and issues, related toseparate physical overt acts as well as security, cost, and logisticsissues in providing a two-factor and a three-factor remote userauthentication. In addition, an optional fourth factor of authenticationof “where you are” is disclosed that may provide even greater security.In addition to these factors, other additional authentication assurancemethods that work within an authentication system are also disclosed.

There are multiple embodiments that are possible, some of which aredescribed here, while others are possible and are not ruled out.

In a first embodiment, a remote user authentication device has ahand-held card-device with an interface means and an embedded computerlogic, wherein the logic and the interface means are used to interfacethe device to a network for a “what you have” factor of authentication.The card-device is adapted with a thumbprint sensor on a part of thedevice for when the device is held; the thumb is naturally placed on thesensor, enabling capture of a thumbprint of a cardholder. The device maybe in the form of a flat card with, a topside, a bottom side, a leftedge, and a right edge, wherein the interface may be on the left edge,and the sensor may be on the topside and near the right edge.

The logic and the interface means transfer a card identification and thecaptured thumbprint to a network, wherein the thumbprint is for use as a“what you are” factor of authentication.

In this first embodiment, with reference to FIG. 1A, this invention 10Aincludes a card-device 12 in the form factor of prior art securitytokens and cards that include an interface 14 that is used to interfaceto a network device 15, a card-device logic 16 and a thumbprint sensorarea 24, so that when the card is held in the hand 25, with the thumbgripping the upper part of the card-device, away from the interface 14end, at the area 24 and the index finger is placed underneath the card,as would be in naturally holding the card for it ready to be insertedinto the device 15, then the thumbprint is taken by the card-device 12without the user doing anything more and then this card-device aloneacts as a two factor authentication of “what you have” and “what youare” factors. The card logic 16 holds a card serial number and anencrypted version of card identification in its memory. This embodimentis further described later with reference to FIGS. 2A, 3A, 4A, 4B, and4C.

In a second embodiment, a remote user authentication device that has ahand-held card-device with an interface means and an embedded computerlogic, wherein the logic and the interface means are used to interfacethe device to a network for a “what you have” factor of authentication.The card-device is adapted with an entry and display means and a logicthat enable entry and display of a PIN into a temporary memory of thelogic, wherein the PIN is a “what you know” factor authentication.

The logic and the interface means transfer a card identification and thePIN to the network, wherein the PIN is for use as a “what you know”factor of authentication.

In this second embodiment, with reference to FIG. 1B, this invention 10Bincludes a card-device 12 in the form factor of prior art securitytokens and cards, that include an interface 14 that is used to interfaceto a network device 15, a card-device logic 16, a liquid crystal display26 and an entry means 28, so that before the card is inserted intodevice, a personal identification number is entered by entry means 28and seen displayed via display 28. This embodiment eliminates the needto enter “what you know” such as a password or PIN in a computingdevice, thus eliminating the security risk of malicious codescompromising the password, such as key logging as one example. Thisembodiment is further described later with reference to FIGS. 2B, 3A,4A, 4B, and 4C.

In a third embodiment, with reference to FIG. 1C, this invention 10Ccombines the features of the first and the second embodiment, where thecard-device 12 is adapted both with a thumbprint biometric sensor and aentry and display means such that this one card-device 12 alone acts asa three-factor authentication of “what you know, “what you have” andwhat you are” factors. The card logic 16 holds a card serial number andan encrypted version of card identification in its memory. Thisembodiment is further described later with reference to FIGS. 2C, 3A,4A, 4B, and 4C.

In a fourth embodiment, with reference to FIG. 1D, this invention 10Dincludes a card-device 12 that has the features of the third embodimenthaving a thumbprint sensor and a data entry and display means. Thecard-device 12 is also equipped with a GPS receiver chip 30 that willautomatically enable a “where you are” factor of authentication to beperformed, without any acts on the part of the user as the GPS receiverchip is hidden inside the card-device 12.

This factor uses geographic location data via GPS sensor chip within thecard-device to provide this factor of authentication such that if thecard-device is authorized to be used from certain locations, it can onlybe used from those locations and not from any other location because thelongitude and latitude earth coordinates of these certain locations arepre-stored in an authentication database. Therefore without the userdoing anything more, this card-device 12 alone acts as a four factorauthentication of, “what you know”, “what you have”, “what you are”, and“where you are” factors. This embodiment is further described later withreference to FIGS. 2D, 3A, 4A, 4B, and 4C.

The different embodiments of card-device 12 as illustrated above withreference to FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1C, and 1D, may be used in a number ofapplications such as access to a closed facility, access to a paymenttransaction terminal such as an ATM, and access to a computer such aslaptop or other computer consoles in a secure facility to providedefense-in-depth security as further described with reference to FIGS.4, 5 and 6. These and other aspects of the invention are describedbelow.

A remote user authentication device that has a hand-held card-devicewith an interface means and an embedded computer logic that provides acard serial number and an encrypted card identification. The deviceadapted with an entry and display means and a logic that enables entryand display of a PIN into a temporary memory of the logic for a limitedtime. The entry means may include a plurality of electronic rotaryswitches that enable alphanumeric entry of the PIN without a keypad.

With referenced to FIG. 2B, the card-device 12 has an interface end andmeans 14, card-device logic 16 hidden within the card-device 12. On oneside, a liquid crystal display means 26 and a entry means 28 for entryof numbers that display on 26. On the other side of the card, a label 27that shows manufacturer name, brand name, model name, number and serialnumber may be present.

The technology for LCD 26 and entry means 28 for this form factor as incard-device 12 are prior art and no specific claim is made. In thisembodiment, as there may not be enough space to place a numeric oralphabetic keypad on the card-device 12, the help of switches thatincrement/decrement a digit similar to a combination lock may be used.

That may be done by use of electronic rotary switch for each of thenumeric or alphanumeric digits, where the display for a digit of PINthat is visible on the LCD display may be incremented or decremented bya switch to enter a PIN of multiple digits. Thus the entry means havinga plurality of electronic rotary switches that enable alphanumeric entryof the PIN without a keypad. There may be any number of electronicswitches, such as, four to eight in number. However, six switches arepreferred.

The benefits of entering a PIN for “what you know” factor in thecard-device itself as in this invention eliminates the need for a loginwindow for entry of a user id and a password. The card-device 12 of thisinvention thus eliminates the logistics of a password entry and securityissues of password compromise.

The card-logic 16 may be embedded with a heuristic card-specificalgorithm (CSA) that transforms the temporary stored PIN to a temporarystored encryption key and the logic 16 uses this encryption key toencrypt the factors of authentication and transfers the encryptedauthentication data anchored by card serial number via the interfacemeans 14 to the network device 15.

The benefits of using the PIN to create an encryption key that is usedfor encrypting the authentication data are that it provides anadditional level of security. Since the PIN and the key are neitherstored in the card-device 12 nor are they transferred to the networkdevice, being used for a moment in time within the embedded logic 16 ofthe card-device 12, as the card-device 12 is being held by thecard-holder, this provides an additional level of security in how the“what you know” factor is used in this invention.

To further describe this feature, the card-device 12 has a computerlogic 16 that, (i) receives a PIN into a temporary memory, (ii) convertsthe PIN into an encryption key in temporary storage and deletes the PIN,(iii) using the key encrypts an authentication record and deletes thekey, and (iv) transfers the encrypted record to a network device forauthentication.

The logic 16 uses a heuristic card specific algorithm (CSA) to convertthe PIN into a card-specific encryption key. As a simplifiedillustration, if the PIN is AYK893, the CSA would mathematically operatein any combination of operations such as divide, multiply, add,subtract, bit shift, bit truncate on this PIN to create a 128 bitencryption key.

The card-device 12 may be further adapted with a thumbprint sensor on apart of the device for when the device is held, the thumb is naturallyplaced on the sensor, enabling capture of a thumbprint of a cardholderin the temporary memory. The logic is adapted to begin thumbprintcapture when card is interfaced with the network and not before and holdin the temporary memory of logic until the transfer to the networkwhereby the device does not hold it the thumbprint except for a briefmoment in time.

With reference to FIG. 2A, the card-device 12 has an interface end andmeans 14, card-device logic 16 hidden within the card-device 12, on oneside, a sensor area 20, a touch sensitive sensor substrate 24, a light29, a Charge-Coupled-Device (CCD) camera 22 underneath the sensor, and acamera logic 18 within the card-device 12. On the other side of thecard, a label 27 that shows manufacturer name, brand name, model name,number and serial number may be present.

A fingerprint sensor is a prior art technology and no specific claim ismade to any part of such technology. A finger print sensor may be basedon an optical sensor or a capacitive (semiconductor) sensor technology.Many companies are making many types of fingerprint sensor devices.Examples of companies that make them are, www.Bioenabletech.com,http://www.topazsvstems.com, http://www.authentec.com, andhttp://www.fingerprints.com to name a few. Either of these technologiesmay be adapted to the form factor of card-device 12 for this invention.

The card-logic 16 is adapted to begin thumbprint capture whencard-device 12 is interfaced with the network device 15 and not beforeand hold the thumbprint in the temporary memory of the logic until thetransfer to the network device. The logic 16 is further adapted tocreate a print feature matrix dataset from the thumbprint and discardthe print and the matrix after the feature matrix is transferred tonetwork device. Thus the card-device 12 does not hold the thumbprintexcept for a brief moment in time.

The benefits of providing a “what you are” factor of authentication asin this invention in the card-device itself where its use is transparentto the card-holder as well as transparent to the system by not having aseparate biometric sensor and interface as in prior art, the card-device12 of this invention provides additional security and cost and logisticsbenefits.

The interface means 14 may be optical wireless, electronic wired, orshort distance wireless RF. The card-device 12 may be powered by one ofthe means from a group of (i) the interface means when interfaced withthe network, (ii) by an internal battery, (iii) by a combination of bothin some embodiments.

The card-device 12 may optionally be further adapted with an embeddedGPS sensor enabling the location of the card-device 12 to be used as anadditional “where you are” factor of authentication. The card-logic 16is adapted to begin GPS computation when card-device 12 is interfacedwith the network device 15 and not before and hold the location data inthe temporary memory of logic until the transfer to the network device.Thus the card-device 12 does not hold the location data except for abrief moment in time.

With referenced to FIG. 2D, the card-device 12 has an interface end andmeans 14, card-device logic 16 hidden within the card-device 12. Thecard-device 12 is equipped with a GPS receiver chip 30 that will enablea “where you factor” of authentication to be performed.

Many manufacturers, such as SIGE Semiconductor, make a GPS receiver chipthat will fit in the form factor of the card-device 12. A recent newsitem said, “SiGe Semiconductor reckons it has produced the industry'smost cost effective Global positioning System (GPS) solution to addressthe performance, size and battery life requirements of cellular phones.SE8901 GPS receiver system is based on an innovative architecture thatallows cellular handset manufactures to fully support new location basedservices at a price below $5.00.... The receiver IC integrates a GPSradio, GPS processor accelerator, high performance on chip LNA and imagereject mixer in a compact 4×6 mm package”. Hence small GPS receiver chipsuch as this can be easily embedded into the card-device 12.

The benefits of a location device on the card-device 12 itself, as inthis invention, where its use is transparent to the cardholder andtransparent to the authentication system without having to create anextra sensor and interface, provides an additional factor ofauthentication of “where you are”. There are different ways the locationmay be used such as to limit the card-device use form certain physicallocations such as one or more cities or one or more buildings in a city.Thereby excluding use of the card-device use from other cities orlocations that are not specifically pre-stored in the authenticationdatabase.

The card-device 12 may optionally be adapted with a radio clock sensorand mechanism chip (not shown), which computes the time of card-deviceuse by the cardholder and transfers such time, via the interface 14, asan additional means of security assurance. The radio clock is prior artand is used widely in many applications where the time is automaticallyprovided by the radio signal. The sensor and chip are, it is believed,in the form factor that are easily incorporated in the card-device 12and may be hidden and transparent to the use of the card-device by thecardholder.

An agency of the US government, National Institute of Standards andTechnology (NIST), maintains and operates the atomic clock and thegeneration of the radio signal. Other countries also maintain their ownatomic clocks and corresponding radio signals.

The use of a radio clock to identify, in time, when a cardholder uses acard-device 12 for authentication, and then sending the time via theinterface 14 as part of an authentication record acts as an additionalmeans of security assurance. By comparing the time of the use of thedevice 12 as provided by the embedded radio clock with the time when theauthentication record is actually received by the authentication serverenables the authentication server to assure that there has not been timeavailable to alter or reuse the authentication record.

As a simplified illustration of this security feature of a radio clockembedded in the card-device 12, if the time when the card-device 12 isused as computed by the radio clock to be 13:27:33 and this time isembedded in the authentication record out of the card-device 12 and ifthe time when the authentication record is received by theauthentication server is 13:27:35, then the time difference of twoseconds may be within limits required for the authentication record totravel through the network. If the time difference is significantly morethan two seconds, there is a possibility that the authentication recordmay have been maliciously reused or altered. The authentication recordwith the embedded radio clock time is encrypted out of the card-deviceand hence cannot be altered and thus provides an additional means ofsecurity assurance.

The card-device 12 is optionally adapted with an RFID mechanism chip(not shown) that identifies the card-device by a serial number; whereinthe card-device 12 may be tracked when entering and leaving controlledhigh security areas such as an airport or a government building.

The RFID technology is prior art and its use in the authenticationcard-device 12, as in this invention provide a means to track thelocation of the card-device as its enters or leaves closed areas such asfloors of building or a building itself as an additional means ofassurance that the device is confined to a physical area for additionalsecurity or it is known when the card-device 12 does leave a closedarea.

The card-logic 16 and the interface means 14 are used to interface thecard-device 12 to a network device 15 to provide it, (i) a cardidentification for a “what you have” factor of authentication, (ii) aPIN for a “what you know” factor of authentication, (iii) a thumbprint,for a “what you are” factor of authentication, (iv) location for “whereyou are” factor of authentication, and (v) time, for “when you are”.

The card-logic 16 creates and the interface means 14 transfers anauthentication record that may include a card serial number plus anencrypted data string that embeds, (i) encrypted card identification,(ii) thumbprint feature matrix, (iii) latitude and longitude location,(iv) and the radio clock time, where the entered PIN has been convertedinto an encryption key which has been used to encrypt thisauthentication record.

The device interface means 14 are optical, or wireless, or wired. Thebenefits of a wireless interface, as shown in FIG. 5, are that thedevice does not leave the hands of cardholder and is thus not likely tobe misplaced by being forgotten from the task of inserting and removingfrom the network interface. Furthermore, it is believed, it may befaster and more convenient for the user to operate a device forauthentication with this feature of the invention.

As shown in FIG. 5, the use of wireless interface such as an opticalinterface 164 for authenticating to a financial network via an ATM 160or authenticating to a controlled facility access network via acontrolled gate 162 provides advantages where the card-holder does notneed to insert and/or plug the card-device 12 into the network deviceinterface. Thus the card-device 12 does not leave the hands of thecardholder and may be more convenient and faster to use and thusprovides additional logistics and security benefits. The technology forwireless and optical use is prior art.

The card-device 12 may be adapted with an on/off logic (not shown), thatactivates to ON state when entry of PIN is attempted and activates toOFF state at expiry of a fixed time or when the card-device transfersdata via the interface 14, which ever occurs first

The operation of card-device 12 is described with reference to FIG. 3A,where all the steps may not be used or used in the order specifiedherein.

At step 100, at the time of use, user enters a personal identificationnumber into the card-device 12 via means 28 and sees entry on the LCD 26to confirm.

At step 102, user holds card-device 12 between thumb and finger suchthat the thumb is positioned on the sensor area of the card-device readyfor insertion to a network-device 15.

At step 104, user inserts the card-device 12 into the network device 15.The card-device logic 16 detects power, is activated to then activatethe camera-logic to read the thumbprint.

At step 106, alternatively for an optical interface, the entry of PINactivates a power on from the internal battery. 106

At step 108, the camera logic detects thumb pressure/touch on sensorsubstrate.

At step 110, the camera logic collects a thumbprint.

At step 112, the camera logic transfers the thumbprint to card-devicelogic, transforms into a print feature matrix and scrubs its memory.

At step 114, the card-device logic 16 activates the GPS sensor chip 30and gets the location and transfers the location to card-device logic 16for temporary storage in the memory.

At step 116, the card-device logic 16 activates the radio clock andreads the time and transfers to card-device logic for temporary storagein the memory.

At step 118, the card-device logic 16 reads the card serial number,erases PIN from display, creates an encryption key, encrypts the PIN,the card id, the location, the time, and thumb print matrix and createsan authentication record for transfer out of the device.

At step 120, the interface logic 14 transfers the authentication recordvia interface to network device 15.

At Step 122, the user removes the card-device 12 from the network deviceinterface.

As shown in FIG. 3B, to facilitate the card-device where the PIN is usedas an encryption key in the card device a method of remote userauthentication may have the steps as follows.

At step 124, user enters a PIN in a remote user authentication device.

At step 126, card-logic 16 converts the PIN into an encryption key usinga card-specific algorithm.

At step 128, card-logic 16 deletes the PIN.

At step 130, card-logic 16 encrypts an authentication record using theencryption key.

At step 132, card-logic 16 deletes the encryption key At step 134,card-logic 16 transfers the encrypted authentication record to a networkdevice.

As shown in FIGS. 4A, the card-device 12 works with an authenticationsystem that has an authentication server 50, an authentication database52, a network device 15 with a card interface means 30.

The authentication server 50 is prior art and executes an authenticationlogic 51 of this invention as described later.

The authentication database 52 may have fields from a group thatcorrespond to multiple factors of authentication of, (i) encrypted cardid 54, (ii) PIN 56, (iii) thumbprint matrix 60, (iv) a plurality ofgeographic locations in lat/long boundaries 62. The database 52 may havefurther fields from a group of (i) device serial number as a recordidentifier 50, (ii) remote user data 74, (iii) card status 70, and (iv)device-use log information 72.

The authentication database 52 may have one or more fields for heuristiccard-specific algorithm 58 for converting the PIN into an encryption keyfor decrypting the authentication record to get at the factors ofauthentication. The authentication database 52 may also have fields froma group that correspond to others aspects of authentication of, (i)calendar window 64, (ii) time window 66, (iii) and weights for each ofthe factors 68.

As shown in FIG. 4A, the authentication system may also have aninterface 76 to the authentication server 50 that enables an authorizedperson such as a field supervisor, to expand the geographic locationand/or the time window, for field workers on a temporary basis. Theinterface 76 may be from a remote location with a cell phone, where theinterface is authenticated to the server 50 via the cell phone's SIM andan entered PIN for this authentication of the interface 76. Theinterface 76 when authenticated may provide an interactive voice menuthat will facilitate to identify the worker and the change to the timewindow or the location window.

As a simplified illustration of this interface 76 feature, if an airportworker reports for work at Los Angeles airport for the shift hours of 7AM to 3 PM, then the authentication database 52 has fields correspondingto them, so that the worker can only be authenticated at the facilityaccess gate of the Los Angles airport between those hours by using thecard device 12 and the authentication system. When there has been achange in work assignment due to an emergency, and the worker has toreport to another airport such as Burbank, on a different shift, thefield supervisor may be able to change the authentication database 52 ona temporary basis to change the locations and the time window thatcorrespond to the Burbank airport and the different shift hours. Thenthe airport worker is able to use the card-device 12 at a facilityaccess gate at the Burbank airport, between the hours of the new shifton a temporary basis.

The application and security features of card-device 12 are furtherdescribed with reference to FIGS. 4A and 4B.

As shown in FIG. 4A, as the card-device 12 is inserted into cardinsertion physical interface 30 of network device 15, with a networkdevice id 16, a data record 42 made of (i) card S/N, and (ii) encryptedversion of (card id, thumb print and PIN) is transferred to the networkdevice 15.

The network device 15 then sends a data record 44 that includes the (i)network device id 16 and (ii) data record 42 to an authentication server50.

The server 50 has access to an authentication database 52 thatpre-stores card s/n, encryption key, card id, thumbprint, and PIN. Theauthentication logic 51 using the database 52, first identifies theauthentication record by card serial number and then authenticates thethree factors of card id, thumb print, and PIN, corresponding to “whatyou have”, “what you are”, and “what you know” factors.

An encryption key, in the card-device logic 16, is used to encrypt thecard id, the thumbprint and PIN in the card-device 12, so that theytravel as one data record 42 in encrypted form to the server 50 vianetwork device 15, where the authentication logic 51 first decrypts therecord for verification and then the data is used for userauthentication.

As shown in FIG. 4A, the application of card-device 12 may be used inmany applications, generic examples of such uses are for facility access42, a payment terminal 44 and computer access 46.

As shown in FIG. 4B, at step 1, a user with card-device 12 connects tothe authentication server 50 via network device 15. At step 2, theauthentication logic 51 displays an authentication screen 78, as shown,asking for the use of the card-device 12. In some applications thatconnection may already be present and the authentication screen 78, mayalready be displayed such as in facility access or ATM access.

At step 3, the user interfaces with network device with the card-device12 via optical means or by inserting the card-device 12 in the networkdevice 15. At step 4, the authentication record is transferred to theauthentication server 50 and at step 5, the authentication grantedscreen 80 is displayed to the user, enabling the user to enter thefacility or select a transaction such as in an ATM application. The useof this method while providing multiple factors of authentication haseliminated a login screen requiring entry of a password, and haseliminated the use of a separate biometric sensor.

In this invention, by the use of card-device 12, the prior art use of alogin window and its associated security issues and additional stepsrequired of a user are eliminated. This, it is believed, provides abetter security than prior art use of multiple authentication factorsthat rely on the use of a login window.

In this invention, the automatic use of a thumbprint as part of the actof holding and inserting card-device 12 eliminates the separate andovert factor and use of a biometric sensor as in prior art. This it, itis believed, provides better security than prior art use of multipleauthentication factors that rely on a separate biometric sensor.

As an additional security feature of this invention, the card-device 12does not hold or contain any data related to the identity of thecardholder. Hence, if the card-device 12 is lost, the personal identitydata of the cardholder is not lost and thus cannot be misused by otherswith malicious intent.

Prior art authentication card devices such as those used by theGovernment, called Common Access Cards (CAC) embed on the card itselfdifferent items of the personal identity data of the card holder, suchas, thumbprint, picture, name and other identification data. Even thoughsuch data is digitized and may be encrypted, it can still be reverseengineered given sufficient time and is thus susceptible to misuse. Incontrast, the card-device 12 of this invention provides securityfeatures that are not present in prior art remote user authenticationdevices. Since there is no personal identity data present in thecard-device 12, it is not even subject to be discovered and misused evenby reverse engineer from the card logic in the card-device 12.

As shown in FIG. 4C, the four different factor of remote userauthentication using the card-device 12, as described above, may be usedin different combinations of, any two-factors, any three-factor and as afour-factor device. In all of these options the card serial number isused to reference the authentication record in the authenticationdatabase 52. The one-factor that is required in all of these options isthe card id, while other factors may be substituted with other factorsfor different applications with different security environments. FIG. 4Cillustrates different options on how the card-device 12 may be used.

Option A (four-factor)

-   1. Card S/N-   2. Card ID (encrypted)-   3. PIN-   4. Thumb print encrypted with PIN-   5. GPS location (encrypted) with PIN    Option B (three-factor)-   1. Card S/N-   2. Card ID (encrypted)-   3. PIN-   4. Thumb print encrypted with PIN    Option C (three-factor)-   1. Card S/N-   2. Card ID (encrypted)-   3. PIN-   4. GPS location (encrypted) with PIN    Option D (two-factor)-   1. Card S/N-   2. Card ID (encrypted)-   3. GPS location    Option E (two-factor)-   1. Card S/N-   2. Card ID (encrypted)-   3. Thumb Print    Option F (two-factor) (not shown)-   1. Card S/N-   2. Card ID (encrypted)-   3. PIN, Thumbprint and GPS location (encrypted) with PIN based    encryption key.

In option F, in the card logic 16, the PIN may itself be used as anencryption key or used as an input to a key creation formula to createan encryption key, which then may be used to encrypt the other factorsof PIN, thumbprint, and the location, thereby providing another layer ofsecurity since this encryption key is not stored in the card-device 12.

These factors of remote user authentication may be used and combined ina number of different ways. The options described above are illustrativeonly.

The authentication logic 51 is customized to a security applicationenabling different degrees of remote user authentication from multiplefactors, wherein the authentication may be based on any two or any threeor all four factors of authentication in a specific application.

The authentication logic 51 resident in the server 50 receives multiplefactors of authentication from a network interface 15 from a remote userand may apply a weighted priority logic to the authentication factors,which enable dynamic multiple factors of authentication to be used ingranting authentication to the remote user.

FIG. 4D illustrates the logic steps that may be used in theauthentication logic 51. At step 140, the authentication logic 51receives an authentication record from network I/F.

At step 142, the authentication logic 51 using card serial number findsthe authentication record in the authentication database 52.

At step 144, the authentication logic 51 recreates the encryption keyfrom the PIN and the card specific algorithm that are pre-stored in theauthentication database 52.

At step 146, the authentication logic 51 decrypts the authenticationrecord using the encryption key.

At step 148, the authentication logic 51 checks the factor flags thatare on/off for an application.

At step 150, the authentication logic verifies the authenticationfactors in the record against the pre-stored data for those factors.

At step 152, the authentication logic 51, if comparisons pass, sendauthentication successful message to the network device 15.

The database 52 stores the weight for each factor, that enable somefactors to be on and some factors to be off. This enables those factorsthat are on to be used and those factors that are off to not be used.Some factors may be weighted in a 0 to 100% scale. The weighting of theauthentication factors allows an optimum authentication to be used forthe specific authentication security needs for a specific application ina specific environment.

As a simplified illustration, ATMs that are used for customers and wherethe dollar loss may be limited, a two-factor authentication isapplicable, whereas, in a financial transaction network where businessesmove large amount of funds, a three- factor authentication for thebusiness employees may be used. Hence remote user authenticationsecurity of persons who enable large financial transaction may be morestringent while using the same remote user authentication card-device12.

In the authentication logic 51 means may be provided to disable one ormore factors such as via an on/off flag for the thumbprint and on/offflag for the location. In addition, different weights may be assignedfor the accuracy of the data of thumbprint and location. For example,the location may not be used if the card-device 12 is in an under-groundlocation where the GPS signal may not be received or the location isclose but does not precisely match the location data stored in thedatabase. As another example, the thumbprint may not be used if theremote user is in hostile environment and is wearing a glove. As yetanother example, the PIN entry on the card-device 12 may not be used forthe same reason, as long as other factors of authentication, such ascard id and location are present.

As illustrated in FIG. 6, while the card device 12 may be embedded withone or more features and may have all the features that allows it to actas a universal remote authentication card-device, the back-endauthentication system and the authentication logic 51 may be differentfor each application. For example, one card-device 12 having all thesefeatures may be easier to mass manufacture for universal commonality andthe same device may be used in an airport 48, in a work facility 42, ina financial transaction 50 or access to a computer network 46, while theback end authentication system and the authentication logic 51 iscustomized individually to the security needs of each system andapplication. For example, for ease of use only two factors may be usedin some applications and while in other applications a different set oftwo or three factors may be used. In some high security applications allfeatures may be used that may change dynamically within each highsecurity application environment.

In brief, the card-device 12, serves to authenticate a remote user bymultiple factors of authentication where a one card-device 12 alone isable to provide either a two-factor or a three-factor authentication, oreven a four-factor remote user authentication without the use of a loginwindow and without the use of a separate biometric sensor and providesenhanced security at a lower cost. The invention also disclosesadditional multiple means for security assurance, such as, use of aradio clock for identifying time of use, a time window, a calendarwindow, and use of PIN as an encryption key in the card-device.

While the particular method and apparatus as illustrated herein anddisclosed in detail is fully capable of obtaining the objective andproviding the advantages herein before stated, it is to be understoodthat it is merely illustrative of the presently preferred embodiments ofthe invention and that no limitations are intended to the details ofconstruction or design herein shown other than as described in theappended claims.

1. A remote user authentication device, comprising: a. a hand-heldremote user authentication card-device with an interface and an embeddedcomputer logic to interface the card-device to a network for a “what youhave” factor of authentication including, at least, a card serialnumber; b. the card-device has a top side and a bottom side and has athumbprint sensor positioned only on the top side of the card-device forwhen the card-device is held in a hand with only a thumb gripping thetop side and the hand's index finger gripping the bottom side, theposition of the thumbprint sensor on the card-device enables only thethumb to be naturally placed flat on the thumbprint sensor for captureof only a thumbprint of a card-device holder for a “what you are” factorof authentication; c. the embedded computer logic in the card-devicewith the interface transfers out an authentication record which containsseparate “what you have” and the “what you are” factors ofauthentication, the card-device does not permanently store thumbprintidentity data after the transfer to the network, and the card-deviceautomatically functions as a two-factor remote user authenticationdevice to the network.
 2. The device as in claim 1, further comprising:the card-device is in the form of a flat card, with the topside, thebottom side, a left edge and a right edge, wherein the interface is onthe left edge, and the thumbprint sensor is on the topside and near theright edge.
 3. The device as in claim 1, further comprising: the logicand the interface transfer a card identification and the capturedthumbprint to a network, for the card-device to function as a two factorauthentication card-device.
 4. The device as in claim 3, furthercomprising: the logic begins thumbprint capture when card is interfacedwith the network and not before and hold in the temporary memory oflogic until the transfer to the network, whereby the card-device doesnot hold the thumbprint except for a brief moment in time.
 5. The deviceas in claim 1, further comprising: the device has a radio clock sensorand mechanism chip that computes the time of device use and transferssuch time as part of an authentication record via the interface, to anetwork device, as a method of security assurance.
 6. The device as inclaim 1, further comprising: the card-device has an embedded GPSfunction chip that enables the location of the card-device to betransferred out of the card-device as an additional “where you are”factor of authentication.
 7. A remote user authentication device,comprising: a. a hand-held remote user authentication card-device withan interface and an embedded computer logic to interface the card-deviceto a network for a “what you have” factor of authentication including,at least, a card serial number; b. the card-device has a data entry anddisplay and a logic that enable entry of a PIN into a temporary memoryof the logic for a “what you know” factor of authentication; and c. theembedded computer logic enable the card-device, via the interface, totransfer out from the remote user authentication card-device anauthentication record to a network which contains separate “what youhave” and the “what you know” factors of authentication, the card-devicedoes not permanently store a user's identity data after the transfer tothe network, for the card-device to automatically function as atwo-factor remote user authentication device to the network.
 8. Thedevice as in claim 7, comprising: the logic and the interface transfer acard identification and the PIN to the network, for the card-device tofunction as a two-factor authentication card-device.
 9. The device as inclaim 7, the data entry comprising: a plurality of electronic rotaryswitches that enable alphanumeric entry of the PIN without a keypad. 10.The device as in claim 7, further comprising: the logic embedded with aheuristic card-specific algorithm that transforms the temporary storedPIN to a temporary stored encryption key.
 11. The device as in claim 10,the logic comprising: the logic uses this encryption key to encrypt thecard identification and transfers the data anchored by a card serialnumber via the interface to the network.
 12. The device as in claim 7,further comprising: the card-device has an embedded GPS function chipthat enables the location of the card-device to be transferred out ofthe card-device as an additional “where you are” factor ofauthentication.
 13. The device as in claim 7, further comprising: thecard-device has a radio clock sensor and mechanism chip that computesthe time of card-device use and transfers the time via the interface toa network, as an additional method of security assurance.
 14. A remoteuser authentication device, comprising: a hand-held remote userauthentication card-device that has an interface and has a computerlogic; the computer logic (i) first receives a PIN into a temporarymemory, (ii) then converts the PIN into an encryption key in thetemporary memory and deletes the PIN, (iii) and then using theencryption key encrypts an authentication record in the card-device andsaves in the temporary memory and then deletes the encryption key; andthe computer logic via the interface then transfers the encryptedauthentication record out of the card-device to a network device forauthentication, such that the card-device does not permanently retainidentity data information in the authentication record that may besubject to compromise from the card-device after the transfer to thenetwork.
 15. The device as in claim 14, comprising: the logic uses acard specific algorithm to convert the PIN into a card-specificencryption key.
 16. A method of remote user authentication, comprisingthe steps of: a. enabling entering, first a PIN in a hand-held remoteuser authentication card-device and saving the PIN into a temporarymemory of the card-device by a computer logic in the card-device; b.converting then by the computer logic the PIN into an encryption key inthe temporary memory using a card-device specific algorithm and thendeleting the PIN; and c. encrypting then by the computer logic anauthentication record in the card-device using the encryption key,saving the encrypted authentication record in the temporary memory andthen deleting the encryption key; and d. transferring then by thecomputer logic the encrypted authentication record from the card-deviceto a network device via an interface in the card-device, such that thecard-device does not permanently retain identity data information in theauthentication record that may be subject to compromise from thecard-device after the transfer to the network.
 17. The method as inclaim 16, comprising the steps of: a. receiving the encryptedauthentication record by an authentication server connected to thenetwork device; b. recreating the encryption key by the authenticationserver from the PIN and the card specific algorithm pre-stored in anauthentication database; c. decrypting the encrypted authenticationrecord by the authentication server using the encryption key; d.verifying the authentication record with pre-stored data in theauthentication database.
 18. A remote user authentication device,comprising: a. a hand-held remote user authentication card-device withan interface and an embedded computer logic that provides a card serialnumber and an encrypted card identification; b. the card-device has adata entry and a display and a logic that enable entry of a PIN into atemporary memory of the logic for a limited time; c. the card-device hasa top side and a bottom side and has a thumbprint sensor positioned onlyon the top side of the card-device for when the card-device is held in ahand with only a thumb gripping the top side and the hand's index fingergripping the bottom side, the position of the thumbprint sensor on thecard-device enables only the thumb to be naturally placed flat on thethumbprint sensor for capture by a capture logic of only a thumbprint ofa card-device holder in the temporary memory; d. the logic and theinterface, interface the card-device to a network to transfer out of thecard-device an authentication record which contains the card serialnumber and separate factors of authentication of, (i) the encrypted cardidentification for a “what you have” factor of authentication, (ii) thePIN for a “what you know” factor of authentication, and (iii) thethumbprint, for a “what you are” factor of authentication, thecard-device does not permanently store identity data after the transferto the network and the card-device automatically functions as athree-factor authentication device to the network.
 19. The device as inclaim 18, further comprising: the device adapted with an embedded GPSchip enabling the location of the device to be used as an additional“where you are” factor of authentication.
 20. The device as in claim 18,further comprising: the device has a radio clock sensor and mechanismchip that computes the time of device use and transfers such time viathe interface to a network, as an additional method of securityassurance.
 21. The device as in claim 18, further comprising: the deviceadapted with an RFID mechanism chip that identifies the device by aserial number, wherein the device may be tracked for location whenentering and leaving controlled areas.
 22. The device as in claim 18,comprising: the interface is from a group of, wired, optical, and shortdistance wireless.